This is a lab report on Drug Analysis- Color Tests essays

This is a lab report on Drug Analysis- Color Tests essays Objective: To detect how different reagents can be used in drug testing Materials and Methods/Procedures: A clean, dry porcelain spot plate, toothpicks, drug samples of caffeine, ibuprofen, phenacetin, quinine, and salicylic acid were obtained, as were reagents Liebermann, sulfuric acid and ferric chloride. The spot plate was labeled and color changes were noted after applying individual drugs and reagents in their respected Results: The immediate results for Liebermann's reagent were: caffeine- yellow, ibuprofen-orange, phenacetin-dark purple, quinine-light brown, salicylic acid-reddish brown and an unknown sample-dark orange. After one minute, the results of Liebermann's reagent were: caffeine-yellow, ibuprofen-red brown, phenacetin-dark purple, quinine-light brown, salicylic acid-red brown, and an unknown agent-dark orange. The immediate results for Sulfuric acid were: caffeine-no change, ibuprofen-irony, phenacetin- clear, quinine-yellow (green), salicylic acid-no change, and an unknown sample-no change. After one minute, the results of Sulfuric acid were: caffeine-tint of red, ibuprofen-tint of pink, phenacetin-clear, quinine- light yellow, salicylic acid-no change, and an unknown sample-no change. The immediate results for Ferric chloride were: caffeine-yellow (orange), ibuprofen-yellow, phenacetin-yellow, quinine-orange, salicylic acid-purple, and an unknown sample-dark purple. After one minute, the results of Ferric chloride were: caffeine-yellow (orange), ibuprofen-dark yellow, phenacetin- very dark yellow, quinine-brown (dark orange), salicylic acid-dark purple, Discussion: The reagents had an effect on almost all of the drug samples, with many of them continuing to change color after one minute. Conclusion: Drug testing can be performed by ...

Calcite and Aragonite in Earths Carbon Cycle

Calcite and Aragonite in Earth's Carbon Cycle You may think of carbon as an element that on Earth is found mainly in living things (that is, in organic matter) or in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Both of those geochemical reservoirs are important, of course, but the vast majority of carbon is locked up in carbonate minerals. These are led by calcium carbonate, which takes two mineral forms named calcite and aragonite. Calcium Carbonate Minerals in Rocks Aragonite and calcite have the same chemical formula, CaCO3, but their atoms are stacked in different configurations. That is, they are polymorphs. (Another example is the trio of kyanite, andalusite, and sillimanite.) Aragonite has an orthorhombic structure and calcite a trigonal structure. Our gallery of carbonate minerals covers the basics of both minerals from the rockhounds viewpoint: how to identify them, where theyre found, some of their peculiarities. Calcite is more stable in general than aragonite, although as temperatures and pressures change one of the two minerals may convert to the other. At surface conditions, aragonite spontaneously turns into calcite over geologic time, but at higher pressures aragonite, the denser of the two, is the preferred structure. High temperatures work in calcites favor. At surface pressure, aragonite cant endure temperatures above around 400Â °C for long. High-pressure, low-temperature rocks of the blueschist metamorphic facies often contain veins of aragonite instead of calcite. The process of turning back to calcite is slow enough that aragonite can persist in a metastable state, similar to diamond. Sometimes a crystal of one mineral converts to the other mineral while preserving its original shape as a pseudomorph: it may look like a typical calcite knob or aragonite needle, but the petrographic microscope shows its true nature. Many geologists, for most purposes, dont need to know the correct polymorph and just talk about carbonate. Most of the time, the carbonate in rocks is calcite. Calcium Carbonate Minerals in Water Calcium carbonate chemistry is more complicated when it comes to understanding which polymorph will crystallize out of solution. This process is common in nature, because neither mineral is highly soluble, and the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) in water pushes them toward precipitating. In water, CO2 exists in balance with the bicarbonate ion, HCO3, and carbonic acid, H2CO3, all of which are highly soluble. Changing the level of CO2 affects the levels of these other compounds, but the CaCO3 in the middle of this chemical chain pretty much has no choice but to precipitate as a mineral that cant dissolve quickly and return to the water. This one-way process is a major driver of the geological carbon cycle. Which arrangement the calcium ions (Ca2) and carbonate ions (CO32–) will choose as they join into CaCO3 depends on conditions in the water. In clean fresh water (and in the laboratory), calcite predominates, especially in cool water. Cavestone formations are generally calcite. Mineral cements in many limestones and other sedimentary rocks are generally calcite. The ocean is the most important habitat in the geological record, and calcium carbonate mineralization is an important part of oceanic life and marine geochemistry. Calcium carbonate comes directly out of solution to form mineral layers on the tiny round particles called ooids and to form the cement of seafloor mud. Which mineral crystallizes, calcite or aragonite, depends on the water chemistry. Seawater is full of ions that compete with calcium and carbonate. Magnesium (Mg2) clings to the calcite structure, slowing down the growth of calcite and forcing itself into calcites molecular structure, but it doesnt interfere with aragonite. Sulfate ion (SO4–) also suppresses calcite growth. Warmer water and a larger supply of dissolved carbonate favor aragonite by encouraging it to grow faster than calcite can. Calcite and Aragonite Seas These things matter to the living things that build their shells and structures out of calcium carbonate. Shellfish, including bivalves and brachiopods, are familiar examples. Their shells are not pure mineral, but intricate mixtures of microscopic carbonate crystals bound together with proteins. The one-celled animals and plants classified as plankton make their shells, or tests, the same way. Another important factor appears to be that algae benefit from making carbonate by ensuring themselves a ready supply of CO2 to help with photosynthesis. All of these creatures use enzymes to construct the mineral they prefer. Aragonite makes needlelike crystals whereas calcite makes blocky ones, but many species can make use of either. Many mollusk shells use aragonite on the inside and calcite on the outside. Whatever they do uses energy, and when ocean conditions favor one carbonate or the other, the shell-building process takes extra energy to work against the dictates of pure chemistry. This means that changing the chemistry of a lake or the ocean penalizes some species and advantages others. Over geologic time the ocean has shifted between aragonite seas and calcite seas. Today were in an aragonite sea that is high in magnesium- it favors the precipitation of aragonite plus calcite thats high in magnesium. A calcite sea, lower in magnesium, favors low-magnesium calcite. The secret is fresh seafloor basalt, whose minerals react with magnesium in seawater and pull it out of circulation. When plate tectonic activity is vigorous, we get calcite seas. When its slower and spreading zones are shorter, we get aragonite seas. Theres more to it than that, of course. The important thing is that the two different regimes exist, and the boundary between them is roughly when magnesium is twice as abundant as calcium in seawater. The Earth has had an aragonite sea since roughly 40 million years ago (40 Ma). The most recent previous aragonite sea period was between late Mississippian and early Jurassic time (about 330 to 180 Ma), and next going back in time was the latest Precambrian, before 550 Ma. In between these periods, Earth had calcite seas. More aragonite and calcite periods are being mapped out farther back in time. Its thought that over geologic time, these large-scale patterns have made a difference in the mix of organisms that built reefs in the sea. The things we learn about carbonate mineralization and its response to ocean chemistry are also important to know as we try to figure out how the sea will respond to human-caused changes in the atmosphere and climate.

Public Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Public Health - Essay Example surroundings and circumstances determine the health of people. Some of the factors used in the determination of health include genetic factors, educational level, income level and relationship with families and friends. The main determinants of health include social and economic environment, physical environment and the individual’s behaviors and characters. The increase in the income earning may increase the living standards; however, in some case people may fail to control their eating habits and end up acquiring diseases such as diabetes among others. The great gap between the gap between poor and rich increases the differences in health conditions. On the other hand, low education levels also contribute to the development of disease in the community. For instance, the lowly educated people may not be able to understand which kind of food to take at a given time. It becomes very difficult to create a harmonized healthy condition in the entire society because of the variatio n in the social factors (Kindig, 2015). In addition, people have different views and opinion regarding various health factors in the society. For example, some people may support abortion while other opposes the act and considers it an evil act. Such differences influence the efforts made to improve the population health.

Coca Cola in India Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coca Cola in India - Case Study Example There were also allegations of racial discrimination where African Americans were looked down upon even in decision making. A lawsuit that ensued created a bad reputation for the organisation. In the spirit of fairness and equality at workplace, it is morally bad to discriminate another employee on the basis of race. Children in Belgium became ill after drinking Coke that was bottled at a local place in Antwerp. More cases were reported and this led to the recalling of about 17 million cases of coke. Coca cola’s Kinley water had pesticide residue which was 15 % above the expected level by the European Economic Commission (EEC). Though lower than other beverages, Coca cola decided to remain silent about the issue which is unethical in business practice. Threatening the Center for Science and Environment (CSE) by Coca cola is suspicious in it operations. This is even followed by newspaper adverts warning the customers to review the results of the tests to be conducted. 2. The single most important ethical issue obtained from the facts raised in Coca cola’s case study is marketing of products that are not suitable to be consumed by human beings. Indeed, the tastes conducted showed that Coca cola’s products contain above the average levels of pesticides which are harmful to human health if consumed. The organisation takes advantage of the less stringent regulations of the cool drinks industry and continues to operate like that which is unethical especially when a big multinational company like Coca cola is involved in such kind of practice. Remaining silent after discovering that the products contain some pesticides is tantamount to unethical behaviour in business. 3. The three alternative resolutions to the ethical issues raised in the case study involve recalling the affected batches of the products from the market so as to ensure safety

Auto Mobile vs Amusement Park Safety Essay Example for Free

Auto Mobile vs Amusement Park Safety Essay Automobiles today are built with many different safety features, and these are so the person(s) within the vehicle do not get injured and or killed. Also these features are not to only protect the people(s) but also the company that the automobile came from, so for example if someone was driving a car and got into a serious wreck and the air bags did not deploy therefore injuring the victim then they could sue the automobile company for money, a new car, pain and suffering, etc. Some of these safety features include Brakes, Airbags, seat belts, and more. When talking about brakes in a car you’re going to want to know what it is your getting because there are many different options in brakes, some examples of this being your regular brakes like you push down the peddle softly and the car with start to slow down or Anti-Lock Brakes or ABS, The primary purpose of anti-lock brakes is to prevent a cars wheels from locking during panic braking. By allowing the car to slow in a more controlled manner, the driver can often maintain better steering control and avoid an accident. Brakes can easily be interpreted by Newtons first law of motion which states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. So a car is moving along the road and the car steps of the gas now the car will eventually stop from the friction of the pavement to the tires but let’s say it doesn’t. So while the car is moving at the speed you let off the gas the car will keep moving at the same speed unless acted on by an opposing force which in this case are the brakes. Know the brakes are applied and what brakes do is they but force of the tiers of the car and that produces friction on the tiers which in term slow the tires down thus slowing the car down. Airbags in a car are extreme safety features because they keep a person(s) from potentially coming out of the front window; seat belts will also do the same but with a little more added protection. So say a car were to hit you from behind what would happen? Well besides your car being wrecked. The body(s) would start moving forward. This is because of part of Newton’s first law of motion which states a body at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by another force. So your car is sitting at a stop light but the car behind you does not stop so they run into the back of you well your body will fly forward. Because you were at rest and then a force came and pushed you out of rest therefore moving you in the same direction as the car that hit you. So the air bag and seat belt are there to stop you from flying forward and getting severely injured. Amusement park rides and cars have some of the same safety features and even if there not called the same thing they do the same thing for example a seat belt in a car is the same as the harness on a roller coaster. In my opinion I find roller coasters safer then cars because there are equipped with the same features but there are few outside forces to mess with it unlike a car. Because unless due to a technical problem a roller coaster cart will not smash into another roller coaster cart. Amusement park rides also have brakes most of these are more heavy duty breaks then car but then again your taking a one ton car vs. a potentially one hundred ton ride so you’re going to need that extra power to help. Some would argue that to many safety features on an amusement park ride can take the thrill away, I would have to disagree with that because I myself have been on many and I feel thrill every single time. But in a ride if there are many safety features then usual then that will typically mean that the ride is potentially more dangerous than a lesser safety featured ride and this can be because of high speeds, higher altitudes and so on. So if you come to a ride with many safety features it’s not because they want to take away the thrill but because they want to make you safe and once again like automobile company’s not get sued.

Need for Control in Fitzgeralds Tender is the Night Essays

Need for Control in Tender is the Night    Dick Diver's love for his wife, Nicole, in F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender is the Night, is based purely on his need to assert control and act as care taker to her due to her illness. He assumes this role in order to feel validation for his own lack of achievement in his professional life. The only true success he can be credited is Nicole's 'cure,' achieved through his devotion and care; thus he continually tries to replicate this previous success in his relationships to other young girls. He looks to be a source of caring and stability just as he had been for Nicole, relying on him for caring and protection from her illness.    The growth of Dick and Nicole's relationship is shown through letters written by Nicole. Although there are none of Dick's replies to refer to we see the change in Nicole from incoherent babble to normal correspondence. Dr. Gregory thus attributes the case to Dick as a success, "When the change began, delicacy prevented me from opening any more. Really it had become your case"(136). Nicole comes to rely on his letters at the clinic and is apologetic when he doesn't write, fearing she has lost him; "But when Dick's answer was delayed for any reason, there was a fluttering burst of worry-like a worry of a lover: 'Perhaps I have bored you', and: 'Afraid I have presumed'(142). He is her connection outside of the clinic and she desperately needs that relationship and his approval. Nicole is repeatedly described through her smile as young and innocent, "She smiled, a moving childish smile that was like the lost youth of the world," and "whenever he turned to her she was smiling a little, h er face lighting up like an angel's..."(153). The love she feels for D... ...glish things; the story of safe gardens ringed around by the sea was implicit in her bright voice..."(248). In each of these he is looking for love outside of the control he once had over Nicole and in doing so is drawn to the young and impressionable girls he sees and assumes he can replicate his love with Nicole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The complete loss of control over Nicole and over her illness is the ultimate demise of Dick. "She hated the beach, resented the places where she had played planet to Dick's sun. Why I'm almost complete, I'm practically standing alone, without him"(321). Nicole's realization of her freedom leads her away from Dick, and his only success was in the end his greatest failure, the loss of love of his wife and his loss of the life he knew. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender is the Night. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1961

Multicultural Population Study Essay

The objective of this research is to analyze the community based in the U. S. , most of them are Asians in this research we are talking about the Filipinos who are working in U. S. most of them are working there in cheap wages. The population of Filipinos are increasing in US are increasing rapidly. Number of Filipinos are working abroad especially professional ones would rather work abroad than in their own homeland because of monetary necessities. The next step would be conducting a pilot study to test the execution of distributing the survey questionnaires on a large scale. All information gathered from this pilot study will be analyzed if necessary through Fine-tuning. There will be a method recruitment which based on some criteria like Filipino workers will be the resident of U. S. for at least two years with valid work permit and also have an experience of at least one year in U. S. Filipinos as overseas workers in America has a dominant part in the workforce. Remittances of Filipino overseas workers have played a stabilizing role notably during Asian crisis when remittances flows offset the sharp reduction in capital inflows. Most of the Filipinos are migrating towards U. S. for their better living and to help there relatives in their homeland by giving them foreign exchange. The Filipinos country is also stabilizing due to the foreign exchange which is coming from abroad by their Nationals. A large number of researchers make common errors during their interpretive process in research study; these errors result into misinterpretation of the data and inaccurate results that need to be avoided. There are some errors which are selective observations, imprecise observation and Illogical reasoning and Ego participation in understanding. Select a Population During regular trips on grocery markets and shops, I have noticed that a friend of mine have employed several foreigners with different backgrounds, mostly Asians My inquiring mind asked my friend about it since, I have notice that there are a lot of them on different shops I went to. My friend told me that they were Filipinos working there and she also explained to me that there’s a small community of them in our Town. I was curious with that fact and I decided to research about them and create a multicultural study from it. The purpose of this multicultural study is to analyze overseas Filipino workers here in the US. According to the American Community Survey, in 2005, about 3,252,678 Filipinos and Filipino-Americans live in the United States. However, this number is speculated to be at more than 5. 5 million, according to many Filipino-American organizations, with 1 million that are undocumented (All experts, 2010). We will use a descriptive approach; a typical case study in which the mission of this service oriented case study is specific to Filipinos overseas workers (Hadley & Mitchell, 1995). And this will be done to study intensively on why does a lot of Filipinos, especially professional ones would rather work abroad than in their own homeland, sacrificing leaving their families and friends on the Philippines. Although we might already have some assumptions on the reasons they may have, but what is it clearly? Case studies typically document â€Å"what happened† differently than do comparative studies (Confrey & Stohl 2004). This study will also go beyond their race but also analyze their culture and religious preferences, as this social domain was one of the first areas explored mediators of the religion-health association (Baetz & Toews, 2009) purpose of which is further provide inputs on this study’s overall goal of answering why the increasing number of Filipinos coming in. The sample size will also be significant and case studies will be repeated a number of times to assess if there are similar findings from different individuals, in which the results can be, generalized (Hadley & Mitchell, 1995). A survey will also be included to provide some data on age, gender and type of employment, again to assist probable supporting details on the subject. And finally, to have a decent projection if this trend will continue, a further Trend study will be applied to examine changes over time (Hadley & Mitchell, 1995). The results will probably indicate organizational support for multicultural/social justice issues and gains in the participants’ multicultural competence ( Zalaquett, Foley, Tillotson, Dinsmore & Hof, 2008). Potential Ethical Issues It is of prime importance to consider potential ethical issue on conducting this research, especially dealing with an unfamiliar race to be the population of this present study. Tapping into the values that our designated population advocate and the understandings of why do Filipinos immigrate is a challenging endeavour. The complexity of is magnified, in particular this case in which I do not share the cultural background of the people whose values I will be studying. Problems with irresponsible professional conduct and unethical behaviour in the sciences are not limited to biomedical research (Artino Jr & Brown 2009). Meaning that even experienced researchers need to understand the professional rules regarding the conduct of ethical research. The increasing attention to ethical issues by counsellors and other professionals appears to be part of ongoing trends in the larger society toward increasing recognition of individual rights, increasing demands for accountability, and changing views of counselling and research (Hadley & Mitchell, 1995). My research question is why does a lot of Filipinos, especially professional ones would rather work abroad than in their own homeland. The potential ethical issue here probably would be the possible temptation to overemphasize general hypothesis of conclusions to the said research question, like confirming an answer that Filipinos work abroad because of monetary necessities. In choosing participants an assessment will be made by me by beginning a general inquiry to the possible motivations for a person’s decision to volunteer to join the research. According to Appelbaum, Lidz & Klitzman (2009), populations in developing countries are often thought to be subject to a variety of coercive influences, ranging from pressures exerted by authority figures to difficulty understanding that research participation is voluntary. The risk besides what is already stated possibly could be the inconvenience of a participant in answering surveys which could take an ample amount of time; this could be mitigated by the benefit of this research to provide a clear conclusion as to why the increasing trend of my target population is coming in this country. That is why I need an appropriate method to employ when designing this research to avoid negative consequences of an unethical study. Vignette methodology has been found to be particularly useful to study appropriately why Filipinos leave their country to work abroad. I will also follow strictly the guideline ethical principles of Psychologists and code of conduct of 2002. Regulations for human relations such as stated on unfair discrimination explains that In their work-related activities, psychologists do not engage in unfair discrimination based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, socioeconomic status, or any basis proscribed by law. (APA, 2009, Standard 3. 03). 1. ) If you where to create a brief numbered list of research questions what would they be? Create a list of research questions; be specific with a minimum of 5 questions. †¢ What is your job here in this country? †¢ What is your educational background? †¢ How long have you been staying here? †¢ Why have you chosen to work here? †¢ How old are you? 2. ) How are these research questions correlated to developing the methodology (The structure and analysis of your data) of your integrative projects? These questions are very important to provide ample results to comprehend our analysis. The first question will help on what are the majority of jobs here which Filipinos came here for. Educational background, explains the skill level they have to perform their work and also as a basis of compare and contrast if for example one participant has a Masters degree but is working on a blue collar job. The question about the duration of staying here can help this research study understand if they are working only temporarily here or already making a career out of it. The fourth question is basically the fundamental question in which defines our study, why do Filipinos work here and can definitely strengthen conclusive data that we may get from that question alone. The last question supports the demographic analysis to verify the age range of Filipinos working here. Plan of Action According to Hadley & Mitchell (1995), planning is the second major phase of a research project and involves a representation on all the subsequent phases: data collection, data analysis, interpretation and reporting. Following the guidelines on the planning process and steps, I will create a literature review to make it easier for me to conduct my research and improve this project’s quality. My preliminary plan is to conduct survey to my chosen population which are the Filipinos. The next step would be conducting a pilot study to test the execution of distributing the survey questionnaires on a large scale. Purpose of this pilot study also includes gathering information of the Filipino participants and to practice planned procedures before using them in the main study (Hadley & Mitchell 1995, p. 167). All information gathered from this pilot study will be analyzed and revised if necessary through Fine-tuning, as to prepare myself to make different changes before proceeding to my main body of research. Administrative arrangements will also be done to make sure I have all the necessary requirements to do the main research The mixed-method approach will be used in conducting this study, for first qualitative method of inquiry which aims to gather an in-depth understanding of human behaviour and investigate the reasons why does Filipinos keep on working abroad instead staying and living in their motherland (Denzin & Lincoln 2005). This method could produce general conclusions that could also be considered informative guesses, Followed by a quantitative method which can be used to verify which of such hypothesis are facts (Whitley 2007). Meta-analysis will also be applied to avoid discounting probable non-significant data response on the said survey (Howard, Hill, Maxwell, Baptista, Farias, & Coehlno, 2009). Recruitment The proposed study entitled â€Å"Multicultural Study on Filipino Overseas Contract Workers in the US† involves the task of selecting participants, securing consent in their participation, providing a background and purpose of the study, gathering responses, and interpreting data gathered. The method of selecting the participants are based on the following criteria specifically Filipino workers residing in the US for at least 2 years with valid working VISA, has employment status for at least one year, and is willing to participate in the study. The sample size needs to be sufficient that the different categories of industry such as in healthcare, tourism, labour, and information technology among others are represented. Filipinos as overseas workers in America has a dominant part in the workforce. An evidence of this statement is based on a study that presented large remittances flows and international migration have been prominent features of the Philippine economy for many decades (Burgess, R. & Haksar, V. 2005). In fact, remittances serve as a pillar of the Philippine economy mainly as a relatively stable source of foreign exchange. One of the population of Filipino overseas workers, Filipino nurses would choose to work in the US for higher wages, better living and working conditions, and opportunities to advance their education and expertise (Aiken, L et al. , 2005). Another study showed that the current US nurse shortage would place more pressure for additional means to increase foreign nurse recruitment (Brush, B. , Sochalski, J. & Berger, A. 2006). The sample population of this study is qualified Filipino overseas workers based on the given criteria who will then be given questionnaires to determine their reasons, experiences and motivations on migrating to USA. Peer Reviewed References Remittances of Filipino overseas workers have played a stabilizing role notably during Asian crisis when remittances flows offset the sharp reduction in capital inflows. A study made by Burgess and Haksar showed that Filipino overseas workers contribute to the remittances sent to the Philippines. The sampling choice should then be based on Filipino workers who have a valid working VISA and sends his or her share of remittances to the home country. In this way, the researcher will determine and know how many Filipino overseas workers earn and send remittances home. Various reasons and motivations push Filipino overseas workers, especially nurses to work in a foreign land. Filipino nurses would choose to work in the US for higher wages, better living and working conditions, and opportunities to advance their education and expertise (Aiken, L. et al. , 2005). The study attempts to determine the reasons why Filipino overseas workers would give up their work and living in his or her country to seize the chance to go to the US. It is interesting to note that there is a higher possibility of continued Filipino migration to United States as overseas workers in the years to come. The current US nurse shortage places more pressure for additional means to increase foreign nurse recruitment (Brush, B. , Sochalski, J. & Berger, A. 2006). The sample population should be well represented through a sample choice of respondents working in different sectors of the community, namely health care, programming, office jobs, among others. In this way, the large sample size leads to increased precision in estimates of various properties of the population. Compare Data Collection It is reported that large population of Filipino people live in America and even well trained professionals from Philippines tend to leave their homeland besides missing their family and friends (American Psychological Association, 2002). The clear reasons behind this personal preference need to be explored in detail with well-tailored research program. The research exercise proposed require detailed categorization of data types based on which the methodology could be decided. The research would require both the qualitative as well as quantitative type information (Appelbaum et al, 2009). The qualitative factors would help the research to understand the non-quantifiable factors or the responses that are more descriptive in nature like better acceptability of Filipinos in U. S. While any specific measure like the percentage of Filipino population in U. S. across different time is an example of quantitative information (Le, 2010). Thus the main research questions that need to be answered through research are explained below What is the major reason that attracts Filipino to United States. This question would give specific information regarding the major reason that attracts the Filipino to U. S. This information could be collected from the records at external affairs departments regarding the various employment opportunities being availed by Filipinos (Le. , 2010). Is there gender skewness in the movement of Filipino population to US ? This question tries to explore whether any specific gender specific attractions are being offered in U. S. (American Psychological Association, 2002). This could be collected in the questionnaire survey. In addition, a set of qualitative information on their objective in traveling to US are also collected. Is the employment attraction or the pride of being in United States of America a key factor that drives the people to undertake this journey is the vital element in the research (American Psychological Association, 2002). Also, the level of protection of legal cover of a Filipino in United States and the level of service oriented ness in an average Filipino across the Asian population are also explore here giving due importance to the ethical component in the research initiative (Atrino and Brown, 2009). Compare Data Analysis There are two research studies that are similar in the area of interest specifically having the sample population who are Filipinos working in the States. The difference of the sample population between the studies is that the current study investigates the reasons why Filipino overseas contract workers choose to migrate and work in a foreign land rather than in their native land, Philippines, while the other study focuses on the levels of stress among Filipino registered nurses in the States. The multicultural study on Filipino overseas contract workers in the US would require the use of both quantitative and qualitative types of data (Appelbaum et al, 2009). On the other hand, the other research focusing on the levels of stress among Filipino registered nurses in the US made use of the Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS). The similarity of the two studies is that both used a mixed method gathering data based on the responses of their respective sample population. The multicultural study on Filipino overseas contract workers in the US and its data will be better understood when the responses are expressed in a descriptive form and in quantitative information. Thus, the current study utilized a mixed method, which is quantitative and qualitative. The data are based on the following questions asked to the sample population: the better acceptability of Filipinos in US, what is the major reason that attracts some Filipinos to US, is there gender skewness in the movement of some Filipinos to the US (American Psychological Association, 2002), and the level of protection of legalities of these Filipino as overseas contract workers in the US. The quantitative information, according to the study, are those percentage of Filipino population in US across different periods of time, A data analysis method used on the study that â€Å"explores the stress levels of Filipino registered nurses in US† emphasizes on the use of a scale called Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS) by French et al. (2000) without any need for identifying information. Thus, the study concealed the identities of the participants. Upon comparison, it is noted that the current study does not use any measuring scale to gather important and pertinent data of the sample population. The topic of interest is limited to the reasons and motivations on why Filipino overseas workers chose to migrate in the US. Hence, there is no appropriate scale to facilitate in the process of data gathering. I am therefore confident in the method of data analysis for the current study. The challenge is to administer the structured questionnaire and interview as efficient as possible. Additionally, the most updated and recent statistics should be secured for the purpose of having reliable data. The ethics of confidentiality and privacy are two ethical issues that are crucial to social researchers who, by the very core of their research, typically requests participants to share them their perception, attitudes, thoughts, and experiences (Gregory 2003). The question of ethics also plays into the method of data analysis when it comes to protecting the identities of individuals and the companies they work for. The modification that should be applied to the current study is to omit any identifying information of the sample population upon data analysis and interpretation. Common Errors Introduction A large number of researchers make common errors during their interpretive process in research study; (Weed, 2005) these errors result into misinterpretation of the data and inaccurate results that need to be avoided Selective observation Selective scrutiny takes place when the researcher draws attention to the observations to prove his or her prior understanding and beliefs about the topic of study. In order to avoid this error, I will review and make some evaluations on literatures done by other researchers for relationship analysis about the subject of study. In addition, I will vigilantly take notes rather than depend on my memory. Location sampling will help me to concentrate on a smaller task for a specified period of time and gather the data that is accurate. A research conducted by (Weed, 2005) on Meta interpretation, confirms that several methods of research synthesis that emerge as a result of lack of understanding of interpretivists on customary literature reviews, have been put in place with no sense of the findings from the anthological studies. The study aimed at providing a valid method of Meta interpretation that centered on interpretive synthesis of data for improved research. Imprecise Observation Mistaken observation happens when the researcher fails to record down the data during the research study. I will Focus on the really task observations to boost my accuracy in gathering and interpreting the data. Illogical Reasoning Illogical reasoning takes place when the researcher makes assumptions that are inconsistent . To eliminate this error, I will base my study on the existing research theories and make broad utilization of peer evaluation of my writings to rectify on the aspects that will tend to be reasoned illogically. Suggestions made by (Resnik, 2009) on the meaning of research ethics and its importance, found several reasons for adhering to ethical standards in research and are listed below; i. Supporting the objectives of research ii. Promotion of important values for collaboration iii. Ability for researchers to account for the public demands iv. Moral and communal values. Ego Participation in Understanding Self involvement in understanding occurs when the researcher accepts human side force the outcomes and his or her views on the findings of research study done by others. I will remain neutral and honest while carrying out my research study. According to (Kaptchuk, 2008) on the analysis of the effects of bias interpretation of research data, states that facts cannot build up on the empty schedules of researchers’ minds and data cannot articulate for itself. He encourages the researchers to advance on their critical assessment skills since data is predictably subjective and it can result in bias. Kaptchuk also argues that unbiased data interpretation is very vital in the production of sound judgments. Conclusion Careful methods of data interpretation results into accurate findings and eliminates errors associated with misinterpretation that are carelessly made by researchers. Adhering to ethical standards in research helps to produce qualitative results from a research study. References Aiken, L. , Buchan, J. , Sochalski, J. , Nichols, B. and Powell, M. , (2005), Trends in International Nurse Immigration. Health Affairs, Vol. 23 No. 3, 69-77. All Experts (2010). Countries with large Filipino populations, (Data File), Retrieved from http://en. allexperts. com/e/o/ov/overseas_filipino. htm. American Psychological Association, (2002). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code Of Conduct (PDF) Appelbaum, P. , Lidz, C. , & Klitzman, R. (2009). Voluntariness of Consent to Research: A Preliminary Empirical Investigation. 39(1):30–39. Hastings Center Report Artino Jr. A, & Brown, S. (2009), Ethics in Educational Research: A comparative analysis of Graduate Student and Faculty Beliefs. College Student Journal, 439(2), 599-615. Retrieved from Academic Research Database Baetz, M. and Toews, J. Clinical implications of research on religion, spirituality, and mental health. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 5 (Mar 2009): 292-301. Brush, B. , Sochalski, J. & Berger, A. , (2006), Imported Care: Recruiting Foreign Nurses to U. S. Health Care Facilities, Health Affairs, Vol. 23 No. 3, 78-87. Burgess, R. & Haksar, V. , (2005), Migration and Foreign Remittances in the Philippines. IMF Working Paper. Volume 5. p. 3. Confrey, J. and Stohl, V (2004). On evaluating curricular effectiveness: judging the quality of K-12 mathematics evaluations. National Academies Press, 167. Denzin, N & Lincoln, Y. (Eds. ). (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd ed. ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN 0-7619-2757-3 French, S. E. , Lenton, R. , Walters. , V. Eyles, J. (2000). An empirical evaluation of an expanded nursing stress scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 8(2), 161-78. Gregory, I. (2003). Ethics in Research. New York: Continuum, 45 Hadley, R. and Mitchell, L. (1995). Counseling research and program evaluation. Brooks/Cole Hadley, R. G. & Mitchell, L. K. , (1995), Counseling research and program evaluation. Pacific Grove, Ca: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Howard, G. , Hill, T. , Maxwell, S. , Baptista, T. , Farias, M. , & Coehlno, C. et al (2009), Whats wrong with research literatures? And how to make them right, Review of General Psychology, 13(2), 146-166 Kaptchuk, T. , (2008). Effect of interpretive bias on research evidence. Boston; Osher Institute. Le, C. N. (2010) , Population Statistics & Demographics† Asian-Nation: The Landscape of Asian America† Retrieved from on 8 May 2010. Resnik, D. , (2009). What is Ethics in Research & Why is It Important. New York; Oxford University Press. Shamoo, A. , &Resnik, D. , (2009), Responsible Conduct of Research, 2nd Ed. New York; Oxford University Press. Weed, M. , (2005), Meta Interpretation: A Method for the Interpretive Synthesis of Qualitative Research. Phoenix; Wright Mills Whitley, R. (2007). Mixed-method studies. Journal of mental health, 16(6), 697-701 Zalaquett, C. , Foley, P. , Tillotson, K. , Dinsmore, J. , Hof, D. (2008). Multicultural and Social Justice Training for Counselor Education Programs and Colleges of Education: Rewards and Challenges. Journal of Counseling & Development, Volume 86, Number 3, 323 – 329.

Jungian Psychological Profiles in Glenngarry

Glengarry Glen Ross: A Jungian Perspective David Mamet wrote the play â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† as a look into the world of sales. As with most of his work, capitalism and its effect on the actors is a major theme. Stories as they are written have characters that have different roles based on their personalities and behaviors. This assignment of roles is something that has spanned the history of literary works. Carl Jung, Swiss  psychiatrist and the founder of  analytical psychology explained these roles people assume and their meaning.The term he used to refer to these character descriptions is called archetypes. All of the characters in the play have problems. Most of these are based in personality flaws and a lack of moral character. When looking at the characters of this play we see definite archetypes in their personalities. What is it that makes each character act the way they do, is there a common thread or archetype, and does Mamet speak to a greater problem by us ing Jungian archetypes? Is Mamet’s discourse on the effects of the sales office on people a discourse on the effects of capitalism on the society we live in now?There are 5 main characters in this play who work in the sales office; Shelly â€Å"the Machine† Levene, Ricky Roma, John Williamson, Dave Moss, and George Aaronow. Each of these characters has flaws in their character. Through careful examination of each character we can assign Jungian archetypes; to do this though we must understand archetypes. Archetypes are models or types of people, their personalities and their behaviors. But what is the definition of an archetype?Carl Jung said â€Å"The archetype is a symbolical formula, which always begins to function whenever there are no conscious ideas present, or when such as are present are impossible upon intrinsic or extrinsic grounds. The contents of the collective unconscious are represented in consciousness in the form of pronounced tendencies, or definite w ays of looking at things. (Jung 33)† These pronounced tendencies are the underlying motivation for each character in the play. We can see how each of these makes conscious and unconscious decisions that are reflective of each person’s assigned archetype.Looking at the characters we see the author has assigned them archetypes (consciously or unconsciously). In the opening act of the play we see Levene and Williamson sitting in a Chinese restaurant where Levene is begging for fresh leads. He lauds of past successes, and even tells Williamson to talk to Mitch and Murray (the owners of the office) about his mastery of sales. In this character we are beginning to see desperation. At the end of the month the two sales people with the lowest sales are going to get fired. He knows that if he does not sell he is doomed. He only gets old leads from Williamson.The new fresh leads will not be released to the salesmen until after the promotion. This is a classic vicious cycle. He ca nnot sell to the old leads because they are deadbeats and will not get the new ones; the ones who will buy, until he does. He is propositioned by another co-worker to break into the office to steal the new leads. He does this and tells the other co-worker he will keep quiet about the whole ordeal. In the end he cannot keep his mouth shut and cracks when he inadvertently discloses a brief fact that only the burglar would know to Williamson who picks up on this slip up immediately.Looking at Jungian archetypes with the Levene character we see three archetypes emerge: The Scapegoat, The Persona and The Shadow. Combined these play an intricate part in why Levene does what he does. The shadow archetype is best described as that â€Å"which personifies (sic) everything the subject does not wish to face in himself† (Jung 275) or the dark side of our nature. (Jung 85) In Levene we see a man who does not want to look at the darkness inside; the darkness that would have him trying to b ribe his boss for fresh leads, burglarize the office, or snitch on the co-worker who developed the plan in the first place.When he is found out as the burglar he panics. This is the animalistic part of the shadow; the resorting to primal instincts. He tries to bargain with Williamson. He offers a percentage of all future sales to him. When these do not work he resigns himself to the consequences. Coupled with the shadow we see Levene exemplify the persona. This archetype is described as a â€Å"symbol of the protective cover or mask. † (Jung 287) Levene acts in a manner while on the in the office with a co-workers client that is a full flight from reality. He acts like he is a vice president of American Express and travels the world.This is a ruse he jumps into with no preparation and pulls it off beautifully. This mask he uses whether to deceive his clients, himself, or others, is his persona. It is dishonest from its onset. This core dishonesty is how the shadow archetype i s manifesting in his psyche. Just like the vicious cycle with the leads here we see the cycle of his dishonesty in every aspect of his work life being transmitted into the shadow archetype, his subconscious now makes instinctual decisions from a negative jumping off place. The more he participates in this pattern the deeper the pathology sets in him.To round out this character we can apply the scapegoat archetype. The scapegoat archetype is defined as â€Å"the one who gets blamed for everything, regardless of whether he or she is actually at fault. † (Essortment) Sure he is to blame for the break in but he was not the first choice to do it. Aaronow was asked first but he decided he could not do it so Levene was asked. In the end Levene snitches on Moss for being the instigator. Levene was asked to do the burglary because if he was caught he would take the blame by himself. He was singled out for the archetype that fit him best.Every office needs a scapegoat and being the old est and least productive he subconsciously plays the role to a tee. Here where everything comes together, a desperate man, making base decisions from a negative subconscious, led by a persona steeped in dishonesty, who knows that he puts himself at risk of either getting fired for not selling or getting arrested for the break in, who is manipulated by the others in his workplace, and trying desperately hold on to an self-image long gone. Mamet is hinting that these factors are not something unique in a sales office or in capitalistic western society as a whole.This is why the character is so relatable. John Williamson is the office manager. He is not a salesman. He works for the owners and his job it to â€Å"marshal those leads. † (Mamet) He is a company man and his pay is not based on commission. He takes his orders from the owners. He has no sympathy for any of the salesmen in the office. He takes a constant barrage of crap from each of them every day. He does not have to sell in the field and that alienates him from the rest of the characters. In the opening scene we see Levene trying to get extra leads form him.When Levene offers money he is quick to say yes, but he wants all of the money right then. Levene says he will have the full sum the next day. Williamson reacts coldly, almost emotionless, to Levene’s pleas for leads. He is quick to betray his ethics for material gain. The first archetype for Williamson is the shadow. He is quick, almost instantly ready to betray his conscious to see the leads to Levene. He also has no compassion; that dark place that is the result of phenomenon in Williamson’s life that has jaded him. Understandably, in this office setting it would be hard to be compassionate seeing the way he is treated.But he should maintain his professionalism buy not entertaining the request from Levene. This is where the archetype of the scapegoat enters. Near the end of the play Williamson inadvertently blows one of Roma ’s deals thinking he is helping. He does not know the cardinal rule of a sales office; do not talk unless you know what is going on. As stated earlier, Williamson is blamed for all the problems in the office. Levene blames John for the lack of good leads; Roma blames him for blowing out his deal, so this makes him an easy target.Since he is not a salesman he is not considered one of the boys. He is an outsider. And anyone can relate to an outsider being a scapegoat. John also unknowingly reinforces Levene’s persona archetype buy feeding his superiority complex with simple rookie mistakes. It would seem that there is a contention between Levene and Williamson on who actually is the scapegoat. This would explain why in the end when Levene asked why he is turning him in he says â€Å"Because I don't like you. (Mamet)† His shadow archetype returns for justice. Mamet gives another nod to the problem with capitalism.That a person has to whatever it takes to be success ful in the business world. Whether it is betraying your own personal ethics, your relationships with other people, or obligations to employers, nothing can stand in the way of someone trying to make it in business. The next character is George Aaronow. He is in the same situation as Levene. He needs a sale before the end of the month or else he will be fired. Like Levene he has had a bad run when it comes to sales. Where Levene’s inflated ego is unwarranted, Aaronnow’s ego is deflated. He has practically given up on the world of sales.He listens to Moss’s rant on why the leads are garbage and agrees with everything he is saying. He desperately wants a reason other than himself for his problems. His character is not aggressive like the others. He has a meekness that is a liability in the office. He is metaphorically swimming in a shark tank and they see him as bait. He is originally propositioned to do the break in by Moss. Moss sees him as a perfect partner; a p erson who would not do something akin to a break in. He also has nothing real to say in the play. He constantly repeats whet others say as to agree.His lack of substance is deliberate. If he were more complex and aggressive he would not be in the situation he is in right now. This is the antithesis of the Levene character. He has no persona. No mask to hide behind. No sense of entitlement. He also has no courage as seen by his backing out of the plan to steal the leads. This explains why people see him as the perfect scapegoat. His shadow archetype is one based in resentment, and fear. He does not want to look at why he is failing. It is easy for him to jump on the bandwagon to blame Williamson.Aaronow is the perfect example of what is wrong with capitalism. He works hard for years only to have his spirit broken by an economic model that sees him as disposable. This lack of importance within the workplace or in his life as a whole is not seen as something to be investigated because it is a negative; in fact it is seen as the price of doing business. These are high prices for a man to pay in the premier years of his life. Dave Moss is very angry man. He has a level of anger that stays constant throughout the play. He is a predator in the shark tank.He knows nobody is going to help achieve anything in the office. He finds people who agree with his perception of why things are the way they are in the office. He uses his persona to manipulate people into doing things they normally would not do; things that betray their inner subconscious. He uses the skills that he learned on the streets selling to sell people around him on the idea that he is right about everything. They just have not become as angry about it as he has. He tries to use his skills to convince Aaronow that he should be just as angry as he is.His persona is based on resentment and frustration. This attitude keeps everyone at bay. It also shows him as a leader in the office. He probably will get the steak knives. He has several plans in his mind about his future and they are not with the firm. He knows that if he gets the leads and sells them to a rival office he will profit financially not just from the initial purchase of those leads, but he will have a job at the firm where he can schedule and close those leads. It is a win-win situation or him. He does not care about anyone but himself.His shadow is so deeply rooted in dishonesty he cannot even see it. This is his natural state. His consciousness has no compassion for anyone and it preys on the weak. His resentment filled subconscious feeds his conscious with self-hatred. Here we are again with the vicious cycle of a negative subconscious feeding an ego problem in turn cementing a negative subconscious. This has a poisoning effect on the people around him. His sarcasm is a telltale sign of his frustration. This is shown to be a hindrance to anyone trying to be successful and a precursor to further problems down the road. Ca labrese, 461) Moss is a prime example of what happens to misguided but motivated people within a capitalistic society. They revert to the animalistic shadow archetype at the expense of their own temperament. At what lengths exactly would Moss go to be successful? Manipulation, anger, frustration, deception, and theft are just some of the ways. These are the tools of the modern capitalist. A man must be willing to go to any lengths to reach his goal. Anything that gets in the way is collateral damage. Ricky Roma is the sales leader at the time of the promotion in the office.His arrogance shows in the way he talks to clients. It is reflective of someone successful on the backs of others. His interactions with the rest of the salespeople are distant and peppered with sarcasm. He has an inflated ego that is a direct result of his consistency in the sales room. He also berates Williamson for his inexperience in the field. He is the proverbial big shark in the tank. The rest of the salesm en resent him for his success. His shadow emerges when Lingk comes to the office to cancel his contract, the contract that put him on top of the sales contest.He instantly and instinctively creates an elaborate fraudulent ruse with the help of Levene to make Lingk think he made the right decision. Roma’s fears are now controlling his every move. Consciously he is trying to protect his prize, the Cadillac. Subconsciously he is maintaining his leadership role in the office. If he is seen as anything other than a producer he is weak. His shadow would never allow him to be weak. Therefore it is his persona that takes over. He puts out this larger than life attitude that he hopes will command respect.He hopes this mask will cover his fears. This flamboyant persona making base decisions out of subconscious fears only heighten his need to reinforce the persona. The vicious cycle returns. We see people like Roma all the time in capitalist societies. Whether it is Donald Trump, Mark C uban, or Sean Combs, we see a braggadocio that is consistent with a person with a superiority complex. These types of people are catapulted to the top of their chosen fields. These are the heads of companies, the decision makers, the capitalists as tableau.When looking at the people in the workplace we see a phenomenon that has occurred for millennia now; men acting out in social situations around other men to become dominant. In the caveman times the biggest and the strongest warriors who got the women, they ate better, and people venerated them with myths of the conquests. In modern times we this transition of men from being the warriors of the battlefield needing strength and battle skills to become the things legends are made of, to hyper intelligent men with business prowess and social savvy who wheel and deal, have trophy wives, and frolic in the â€Å"spoils of war†.But today we have more than just survival instincts motivating men; we have complex egos, varying degree s of psychological pathology, and a host of psychosocial problems arising from past phenomenon I their lives. â€Å"The collective unconscious, Jung claimed, contains primordial images and ideas that have emotions and symbolism â€Å"attached†. These images and ideas become manifest in fantasies, dreams, myths, and emotional responses to the world around us. † (Carr). This would explain why these men behave in the same way as the men of histories past.These actions are primordial in nature, as is the archetypes they personify. If all the characters had the same success that Roma had they would all be acting like king of the roost. Unfortunately in the play this is not the case, and would not make for much of a story either. All of these men participate in a behavior called repression. Each is stuffing down something about themselves they do not want to look at that is the breeding ground for their ego problems. â€Å"The repressed fear of the emotions becomes projecte d outward onto others.Emotional ties and bonds embedded in employee/work relationships are experienced as a loss of control and invitation toward chaos. The solution derived within such a system results in the imposition of more structure and control coupled with even more intensities of emotional denial. Dominance, individual obsessive control, and power form the overt behaviors of managers arising from the unconscious and are reflected and rationalized as the norms of organizational culture. † (Figler and Hanlon) Here we see why it is not uncommon to see these characters develop the way they do.This is the â€Å"norm† in business especially within a capitalistic society. There is an underlying common subconscious in men, one that has plagued them for centuries; their incessant need to be dominant within a social setting. This has evolved over time from a survival instinct into an economic paradigm. There have been several responses to this type of economic system, fro m communism to isolationism (forced and unforced). In this play David Mamet is exposing what capitalism really does to men. It puts them at odds with their own ethical beliefs, creates unwarranted ego complexes, and instills deep rooted psychological disorders.Mamet stated in the program notes that â€Å"American capitalism comes down to one thing [†¦ ] The operative axiom is ‘Hurrah for me and fuck you. Anything else is a lie. † (Boon) When we look at how this type of attitude early on affects people we see â€Å"this false self development, (sic) which is initially adaptive and maximizes gratifications, may become maladaptive by over-emphasis. If the early environment presents many adaptation failures, then deceptive strength will be given to the emerging false self, which then becomes the basis for later social relationships to the exclusion of the real self. (Hudson) All of these characters have problems due to over-emphasis of their subconscious shadow archet ype feeding a false persona which in turns deepens the pathology of the shadow archetype. As most people will tell you, these characters are commonplace in the workplace in western capitalistic models of business. Mamet shines a light onto this dark world that American business has evolved into. From seedy characters with dynamic psychological pathologies to a broad statement on capitalism as a whole Mamet only resents to the audience exactly what he sees in business; a vicious cycle of pain, frustration, and alienation. Works Cited Boon, Kevin Alexander. â€Å"Ethics and Capitalism in teh Screenplays of David Mamet. † Literature Film Quarterly 39. 3 (2011): 180. Web. Carr, Adrain. â€Å"Jung, Archetypes and Mirroring in Orginizational Change Management. † Journal of Orginizational Change Management 15. 5 (2002): 478. Web. 21 April 2012. Essortment. http://www. essortment. com/understanding-literary-archetypes-61301. html. n. d. Web. 24 April 2012. Figler, Robert and S usan Hanlon. Management Development and the Unconscious From an Analytical Psychology Framework. † Journal of Management Development (2008): 616. Web. 20 April 2012. Hudson, Wayne. â€Å"Persona and Defence Mechanisms. † Journal of Analytical Psychology (1978): 56. Web. 27 April 2012. Jung, Carl G. â€Å"Man and HIs Symbols. † Jung, Carl G. Man and His Symbols. New York City: Bantam Doubleday Dell, 1964. 85. Print. Mamet, David. â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross. † The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company Inc. , 2007. 3044. Print.

#FreelancerFriday #5 - Robert Falcó, Translator

#FreelancerFriday #5 - Robert Falcà ³, Translator #FreelancerFriday #5 - Robert Falcà ³, Translator â€Å"You have to almost be the ideal reader of the original. You have to really understand it, you have to be in the author’s skin. You’re thinking ‘Why have they said that?’ or 'Why does that character talk that way?’†We met Robert Falcà ³ at the London Book Fair last year. Robert runs the Wider Words project with his business partner Ana Alcaina. They concentrate on helping self-published authors translate their work for the Spanish market. Robert has been a translator for fifteen years, translating over 100 books for authors as prominent as Ken Follett and Stephen King. He’s the first translator we’ve spoken to, and he offered us some insights into the (seemingly enormously difficult!) task of translating fiction.REEDSYSo first I have to ask - you worked with Stephen King?ROBERT FALCÓYeah, I translated Under The Dome, which is now a TV show in its second season. I did that about 3 or 4 years ago.REEDSYGosh.ROBERT FALCÃ⠀œUsually, when you’re translating one of those big names, Stephen King, Ken Follett - I think foreign publishers are trying to publish the book around the same time as the United States or in England. You know, just to make the most of the promotion, if the author’s travelling through Europe, they try to publish the book in Spanish or French or whatever at the same time. But the thing is you also have to translate the book.For instance, if the American publisher has four months after the manuscript is handed in to go through the whole editorial process, the Spanish publishers often have the same amount of time to do that same process - but translated. It’s a lot of pressure.  Not to mention the pressure you feel from the readers of authors with a very strong fan base. In the case of Stephen King this is specially significant - you know hardcore King fans have forums and websites devoted to him, you know they’re waiting anxiously for the Spanish transla tion of his book and you know they’re going to scrutinise your work.REEDSYWhat do you work with when you’re translating? Do you use get to compare multiple drafts of the manuscript or anything?ROBERT FALCÓIt depends a lot on the author, on the publisher, on the date of publication and all those things. In some cases I’ve worked straight from Word manuscripts, in others I’ve waited for the final copy. If you’re working in parallel with other editors, and they’re making alterations, you have to add those in. So in those cases you might have a few different versions of the same passage.I started translating around 2000. Back then, before Facebook, it could be a long process to make those queries and you might not have time to do too many. But now with Twitter you can reach out directly to the author and ask, you know, â€Å"At this point here, did you mean this, or something completely different?†REEDSYIs that the sort of query you o ften take to authors, trying to nail down the meaning of some particular passage?ROBERT FALCÓYeah, that sort of thing. I almost get a little paranoid when I see a sentence that has a double meaning, and I’ll ask â€Å"Hey, did you mean to do that, was it on purpose, did you mean this thing or did you mean the other?† With some authors it’s not necessarily - the style is very simple, but with more complicated authors you want to make sure. Hidden references are another thing. The title is sometimes difficult because it might be a reference to - who knows, the author’s favourite author, or anything. When you translate you try to analyse the original from a very rational point of view. So if something doesn’t make sense you have to ask â€Å"Does this not make sense on purpose, or is there a hidden reason for it?† I think half of the quotes or references I find in English are either to the Bible, to Shakespeare, or to Lewis Carroll.You have to almost be the ideal reader of the original. You have to really understand it, you have to be in the author’s skin. You’re thinking â€Å"Why have they said that?† or â€Å"Why does that character talk that way?† The thing is, you’re trying to be the ideal reader but the ideal reader doesn’t exist. Who’s the ideal reader for Mark Twain? Is it a contemporary American? An American from a century ago? Who is the ideal reader for Julian Barnes?In the end you just do your best. There’s no such thing as a perfect translation. There are extremely excellent translations.REEDSYWhat do you do when you get a new project?ROBERT FALCÓUnless the publisher thinks the project will be especially difficult, I normally translate as I go through it the first time. I take notes - I thank God everyday for Evernote which is an excellent tool for translators. Like I say, I tend to get a lot of quotes from the Bible, or Shakespeare,  and other classic authors.  I can take photos of those quotes and keep them together. I have an Evernote notebook for each of the books I’m working on with all the related information. If I have to find any specialised vocabulary on sailing, on guns, on horses, I keep a glossary for that.My first-draft will be full of comments. My manuscripts are like an annotated version of my own translation. When it’s done, I go back, and have to try to solve all of these thoughts I had. I might need to follow up with specialists on a subject that was relevant. It’s not unlike a writer doing a first-draft and working on that really. Usually the correction part of the process is when I tend to keep away from the original - keep away in the sense of not using the English structure of sentences, I mean. English tends to use the passive tense much more often than Spanish - that’s the kind of thing I’m looking to correct when I do my own translation.Take for instance if I w ere editing a John Grisham novel. They often involve the American legal system. That’s not my area, so I’m sure I’d have to consult Spanish lawyers or legal translators to learn the terminology, how a trial in America works, how a trial is different in America compared to Spain, how I should reflect that in my translation, or whether I should at all. Even if you can read the sentence and you know the terminology in Spanish, if you don’t understand what’s taking place it’s difficult to translate it. So my contacts are there to help with that.REEDSYAre there any particularly interesting specialists you’ve had to contact?ROBERT FALCÓLast year I had to contact two astrophysicists while working on a passage that referenced black holes. I found some specialists working at Spanish universities. It was very difficult.REEDSYIs there anything an author can do to help you?ROBERT FALCÓThe best thing they can do is be collaborative. Author s are generally willing to give us a hand, and that’s the best they can do.REEDSYIs there anything you think authors should be aware of when they’re exploring translation options?ROBERT FALCÓAs you know, there’s this explosion of indie publishing and writers trying all these experiments. I have this project with my business partner where we want to concentrate on self-publishing. We think it’s the next natural step in the market. Authors who have had great success in England or America can have that same success in Spain.I think the most difficult thing for the author is taking the leap of faith. It’s like handing your baby to another person. We have to say â€Å"We’re going to do the best we can, we’re going treat your book with care we’re going to do the best work possible. We want to make sure your book is as good in Spanish as it is in English.† I can understand the authors being worried. For them the world of tr anslation is an unknown world - not many authors work with translators.Translation is very different to the other publishing specialties in many ways. To translate a book into Spanish, you need to realise there are these varieties of Spanish just like in English. It’s not the same translating for Argentina as for Mexico as for Spain. If your book has a lot of slang, it might be difficult to do a version in Spanish which will be read as well in Spain, in Argentina, in the different markets. Whereas if your book is Standard English, it makes things easier for us. There’s 400 million Spanish speakers in the world, and yes they speak the same language - but each country has differences. Each country has its own cultural specialties.REEDSYDo you have any knowledge about books that might succeed in the Spanish market?ROBERT FALCÓSince 50 Shades of Grey, Romance and Erotica are the big thing. We have found we’re getting more of that translation, whereas five years ago we would never have expect that. In the best-sellers list you find all the big names of course. Historical novels are very big. It’s inevitable that there’s all this influence from the American and English markets.

How To Make The Best Blog Graphics (For Non-Designers) - CoSchedule Blog

How To Make The Best Blog Graphics (For Non-Designers) Blog As bloggers and content marketers, one of your biggest challenges is making sure that your blog posts not only read well, but also look awesome. You probably know why: Posts with better graphics are easier to read and get more shares. The problem is that you may not  have the budget, nor the skills necessary for creating blog post graphics from scratch.  You also like to do things yourself, or just don’t have the means to hire a freelance designer every time you need a new header image for a blog post. That puts you at a slight  disadvantage against your competitors who are already rocking great blog graphics. The good news is that you can learn to create your own blog post graphics fairly quickly. A handful of dollars in stock graphics, a few hours in Photoshop, and you will be on your way to making your blog look better in no time. How To Make The Best #Blog Graphics (For Non-Designers) via @puranjaycomIn this post, I’ll share with you the exact strategies I use to create visuals for my posts, right from start to finish. But first, a quick overview of why your blog actually needs more visuals. Why Your Blog Posts Need More Visual Content Human beings are visual creatures. Our brains process images 60,000 times faster than text. This is a crucial stat for bloggers and content marketers- it means readers are more likely to engage with your visuals than with your words. (Which also explains why infographics tend to be so successful). There are dozens of reasons why you need to add more graphics to your blog posts, but the five  most important ones I can think of are: Higher engagement: Articles with relevant images get 94% more page views than those without. Highlight crucial data: In-post graphics are a good way to highlight the most important data points within an article. If there is something you really want your readers to see, you’re better off putting it into a mini infographic than the main post body (especially considering how most visitors read just 20% of a Web page on average). Get more shares: Pages with pictures see 50% more shares. Create better post structure: In-post graphics are a great way to give better structure to your post by dividing the content into different sections- an oft-ignored benefit. More credibility: 67% of consumers consider detailed images to carry even more weight than customer ratings, reviews, and product descriptions. Recommended Reading:  10 Stunning Examples Of Visual Content Marketing Now that we know why we need visuals, let’s look at how we can create our own blog  graphics. The Building Blocks Of Awesome Blog Graphics You don’t need to know a lot to create your own blog graphics. In fact, this article assumes that your design skills don’t extend beyond cropping an image and adding a filter to it in Photoshop (explained below). That said, you can greatly accelerate the graphic-creation process by mastering a few simple Photoshop skills and building up a library of stock graphics that will serve as the ‘building blocks’ for all your visuals. Let’s look at each of these in detail. Essential Photoshop skills to create blog graphics. You don’t have to master Photoshop to create good looking designs. Being familiar with the interface and understanding a few basic skills will be more than enough. At the very least, you should know the following: Cropping, resizing and selecting images, or parts of images. Layers and how they work. Blending modes and Layer blending options. Creating simple shapes such as circles, rounded rectangles, etc. Using the font tool. Importing and using patterns, brushes, and shapes. Using grids and guides to lay out individual elements. All this shouldn’t take you more than a couple of hours of work to learn. Everything else you can learn along the way. There are only 7 things you need to know with Photoshop to create awesome #blog graphics.Choose your colors. Color is the non-designer’s Achilles heel. We either use too many colors, or often, too few- neither of which leads to desirable results. â€Å"What colors should I use?† is the number one question I get asked by non-designers (and the question I often find asking myself). For answers, follow the two step process below: 1. Pick one dominant color. Take a look at any popular website and you will see one thing in common: They all use a single dominant color everywhere. Facebook has its blue, TechCrunch is green and Snapchat is overwhelmingly yellow. All reports, blog posts, and visuals they put out follow the same color palette. For your own blog  graphics, follow the same strategy: Pick one dominant color (ideally, the same as your site color) and use it everywhere. Complement it with lighter variations of the same color when needed. You can always branch out and experiment with more colors of course (it would be a dull world if you couldn’t), but for simplicity’s sake, stick to one dominant color when you’re starting out. Recommended Reading:  Why Visual Brand Consistency Is Important 2. For additional colors, use the Google material design color palette. One of the harder things to understand as an amateur designer is how different colors work with each other and the subtle differences between, say, #FA4B00 and #F04800 (two hexadecimal numbers for different colors). The good news: You don’t have to learn all this on your own. By taking advantage of pre-existing, professional color palettes, you can jump right in and use proven colors in your designs. To start with, use the Google material design color palette. These are Google-approved colors for the Android UI. They look good and cover a huge range of colors. If you get tired of your ‘one dominant color’, pick a few shades from this palette and start experimenting. Pro Tip: Download the palette as a swatch and open it in Photoshop to get immediate access to all colors. Recommended Reading:  Color Psychology In Marketing: The Complete Guide Pick your fonts. After color, typography is the most widely misunderstood aspect of design. You’ve probably seen this in action yourself: flyers with Papyrus, memos written entirely in Comic Sans, and websites that use nothing but Times New Roman. Designers can talk for hours about kerning and line height and letter spacing, but as bloggers, we don’t really need all that. Instead, all we need to know is: What fonts look good. How to pick a good font pair. Here are the answers to these questions: 1. What fonts look good? Some good fonts are expensive (a single license of a professional font can cost upwards of $200), so I’m going to focus entirely on free fonts for now. Fortunately for us, high-quality free fonts have never been easier to find. Your first stop should be Google Fonts. This free font library will give you access to all the fonts you need. It can be overwhelming at first, so I suggest sticking to these tried and tested fonts, for now: If you need something beyond this selection, stop by Typekit.com and check out the fonts that come pre-loaded with a free account (only 25k pageviews/month though- not for you popular bloggers). Next, check out Typography.com and the nearly weekly giveaways at CreativeMarket.com. If you are willing to splurge, you can also check out some boutique font foundries at FontShop.com. 2. How should you  pair fonts? There are two guidelines to pairing fonts: Fonts from the same family go well together.  For obvious reasons, if two fonts are from the same family (say, PT Sans and PT Sans-Serif), they will look good together. Combine serif with sans-serif fonts.  For optimum results, combine a serif font with a sans-serif font. If your posts are long and wordy, use serif in the body text, sans-serif in the headings. For shorter posts (under 2,000 words- a majority of posts), use sans-serif in the body, serif in headlines. (In case you are wondering, serif fonts are those with the little horizontal bar at the edges. Sans-serif, obviously, are those without.) Instead of experimenting with different pairings, pick a few tried and tested combinations to start with. For inspiration, install WhatFont extension and see what fonts your favorite websites are using. Wired.com, for instance, uses Exchange, while Buzzfeed uses Proxima Nova for both headings and body text. Choose your images. Most bloggers turn to SXC.hu, Pixabay, or any of the countless other stock pictures websites for their image needs. Images here are free and easy to find, but also tend to be low in quality and poor in contextual relevancy. Plus, since they’ve been used by bloggers ad infinitum, they tend to look jaded and overused. Recommended Reading: Should You Use Stock Or Free Images For Blog Posts? Below, I’ve shared some of my favorite methods to get better images: 1. Buy stock images. With prices as low as $1/image, you really don’t have an excuse for not taking this route already. The picture quality is far superior and they all look ‘fresh’ to readers since they haven’t been used by every blogger in existence. You also don’t need resolutions wider than 640px for most images, which brings down initial purchase cost as well. If you do plan to modify the image, make sure that the image license permits it. Check out ShutterStock.com, Fotolia.com, BigStock.com, etc. to get started. But what if you don’t have $1 to spare? In that case, use option #2, below. With prices as low as $1/image, you really don’t have an excuse to use great images. #blogging2. Use free hero images. Startups need high quality images to build their sites. Thankfully, a number of designers and photographers have stepped up to the challenge and started offering stunning pictures for free. These are called ‘hero’ images, and for bloggers, they are (largely) untapped goldmines. Here are some sites to get you started: Unsplash.com, DeathToTheStockPhoto.com, LittleVisuals.co, Superfamous.com, and PicJumbo.com. The image quality here is incredible, but you can’t search by keyword, so be prepared to dig deep to find the right image. Some pictures (especially from Unsplash.com) have also been overused by startups. If it looks a little too familiar, it’s probably a good idea to not use it. If a stock photo seems a little familiar, its best not to use it. #blogging3. Try paid hero images. An alternative to stock image marketplaces is to buy splash or hero images from marketplaces like CreativeMarket. You can either buy images individually, or you can buy image packs of hundreds of images for as low as $10. Its a useful strategy if you want something more exclusive than what Unsplash.com or the others have to offer. Choose your shapes, brushes, patterns, and icons. Strong colors, bold fonts, and breathtaking stock imagery are good enough to make your blog stand out.  But to create blog  graphics, you will need a few extra building blocks- namely brushes, patterns, icons, and shapes. You can find thousands of these design elements online on sources both free and paid. The hard part is figuring out what to download, and where to download it. For a start, grab the following: 1. Patterns. A clean, subtle pattern can make the most ordinary design pop and sparkle. There are countless websites peddling patterns online, but for the most projects, you don’t need to look beyond SubtlePatterns.com. Start with the following patterns – Concrete Seamless, Crossword, Stardust, Squared Metal, Notebook, Triangular, and Mooning- and grab more as you learn how to use them. 2. Icons. You will use icons a lot in your blog graphics, mostly to visualize data and highlight key points. I suggest starting out at IcoMoon.io, then exploring free icon packs such as  Line icons, Modern UI icons, 350 Pixel Perfect icons, flat icons, and  3600 flat icons. To get something more exclusive, buy a set of icon packs from  CreativeMarket. 3. Brushes, shapes, and vectors. There is no telling what shapes, vectors, and brushes you will need in your graphics projects. Since our aim is to keep costs low, I suggest grabbing the ones listed below, then buying up separate design elements as needed. Start with the graphics library at Pixeden.com. Grab virtually all the free stuff you can, then head over to MediaLoot.com, PremiumPixels.com, Brusheezy.com, and GraphicHive.net. For paid alternatives, check out CreativeMarket.com and GraphicRiver.com. I also suggest buying some credits at a stock marketplace such as VectorStock.com. A contextually relevant vector image can make your designs really stand out. Also look to grab some of the ‘infographics packs’ at CreativeMarket. You can use elements from these packs to create your own mini-infographics inside posts. This concludes the basic building blocks of our blog  graphics project. Now let’s take a look at some strategies for putting these together to create header images and in-post graphics. The Non-Designers Guide to Creating Better #Blog GraphicsHow to Create Better Blog Graphics Start with your header images. Header images are more than just design filler. They give readers a glimpse of your post’s content, and show up in social media. In essence, these are the ‘anchor’ images for your post and offer readers an idea of what to expect not just from a post, but the blog as a whole. It’s easy to get lazy with header images. You might very well be tempted to stick a stock image from SXC.hu on top and call it a day. The problem is that such stock images not only look bad, but they also don’t get as many page views. The alternative: customized header images. Let’s look at a couple of strategies for creating these. 1. Use good stock images, add text and a color tint. One of my favorite ways to create better header images in a jiffy is to use a high-quality stock image, add some text (usually the post title, shortened for clarity) and a color tint, like this: Creating this is easy enough: Grab a picture from Unsplash.com and add some text in a font from the list above. For the color tint, add a color layer in Photoshop, fill it with a color from the Google Material Design color palette, then drag it beneath the base image layer. Change the ‘blend’ mode for the base image to ‘Multiply’, and you’re all set. 2. Add borders, shapes, and different fonts. Add some complexity to your header image by throwing in some shapes, borders, and font combinations. Try the elegant font + light base color + dark border combination: Or the color gradient + pattern + gradient filled text. In the example below, I’ve used a blue-pink gradient on top of the Triangular pattern fill from SubtlePatterns.com: An easy way to make the post title stand out is to enclose it within a shape, like this: Another personal favorite is to use a vector graphic against a solid background. Below, I’ve used the ‘camera’ icon from the ET-Line icons set: None of these styles are complicated or particularly hard to copy. Try recreating them in Photoshop to get a hang of things. For further inspiration, see the header image gallery at Canva.com. Create your in-post graphics. In-post graphics are a wonderful way to give additional structure to your posts and highlight key information. They are also highly sharable. I try to add at least a couple of graphics to all my posts. With a set of existing templates, it often takes less than 10 minutes to create unique graphics for every piece of content.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 64

Assignment Example These groups of whites also wanted to see the unification of the African race and uplifting of the people so that the entire region could reach and realize its full potential (Hill, Dixon & Rodriguez, 2011). This paper will examine the movement that was and is UNIA, and why it is considered, in some instances, as being bigger than the civil rights movement that many people are familiar with. The basic principles of the UNIA include the establishment of a united brotherhood among all races, regardless of whether they are white, brown, or black. This was the basic tenet of the movement as established by Marcus Mosiah Garvey, whose main intention was to enable every race to identify with itself, and create its own view of the world (Hill, Dixon & Rodriguez, 2011). This was without regarding one race inferior while another superior. Also, the movement sought to uplift every African in the region and any other region in which the movement had its reach. In America, for example; during the conception and growth of the movement, African-Americans welcomed the movement because it came at a time when there were no opportunities for people in the region. During the course of Garvey’s endeavors, he started a company that would assist in bringing Africans in Diaspora back to Africa, which is considered to be their home. Education was also a top priority for the movement at the time, and to this day, is still a crucial element in its growth. The educational institutions that the movement set out to establish were meant to be a hub for international and worldwide courses on the various activities that people could undertake. This was in a bid to eradicate poverty and the mentality that the black race was inferior in terms of thinking or conducting their business. It was meant for the overall good of the African race with the existence of both industrial and commercial interaction (Grant, 2008). Garvey